|
WORLD
HISTORY |
EARLY
AMERICAN INDIAN |
|
Year BC |
Event |
Link |
Year BC |
Event |
Link |
|
28,000 |
Stone Age residents left
cave carving, stone tools, and skeletons in France,
North Africa, and other parts of the Ancient World |
|
28,000 |
Earliest known date
inhabitants on California's coastline. California's
early settlers left hearth charcoal on Santa Rosa
Island, off the coast of California.
American Indian Creation Stories
(North America)
The Ute Creation Story
The
Creation Story in the Popol Vuh
(Maya Story)
Toltec Creation Story
The
Aztec Creation Story
Inca Creation Story |
|
|
24000 |
Cremation
funerary rites in Australia |
|
27,000 |
Settlement
in Western Alaska |
|
| |
|
|
25,000 |
Settlement
in New Mexico |
|
|
16,000 |
The first
Art in the painted caves of Lascaux, France |
|
|
|
|
|
15,000 |
The hall
of bison in caves in Altamira, Spain |
|
13,500* |
Monte Verde Paleo-Indian site in Southern Chile
Monte Verde Debate
(*13,500 Years ago)
Monte
Verde Fiedel's Confusion and Misrepresentation |
|
| |
|
|
12,000 |
Paleo-Indians
settled in all the unglaciated corners of both North and
South America |
|
| |
|
|
11,000* |
Colorado
settled.
Clovis Culture in North America
(*11,000 Years ago) |
|
|
10000 |
First
pottery in Japan |
|
10,000 |
Sangus
Massachusetts settled. Mexico City settled. The Final
Ice Age |
|
|
9,000 |
In the
Valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers permanent
settlements began in the area later called Mesopotamia |
|
9,000* |
Folsom
Culture in North America
Beginnings
of Agriculture in Mexico. Central Mexico and Valley of Tehuacan. Settlement sites throughout North America
(*9,000 Years ago) |
|
|
8,000 |
World
population estimated at 5 million of people |
|
7000 |
Extreme changes in North
American Climate and animal life |
|
|
6000 |
in Iran
and Soviet Tukestan people lived in permanent
settlements
Rice cultivation in China
First settlement in Crete, Europe |
|
6000 |
Settlement
sites of this period in North America show a great
variety of tools, trade goods, and burial relics |
|
| |
|
|
5500 |
Southern
California Settled |
|
|
5000 |
Events
dating back in this period appeared on the Egyptian
Calendar. Earliest Cities in Mesopotamia |
|
5000 |
First
Cultivation of Maize in
Tehuacan Valley in Central
Mexico
Arizona and New Mexico Settled |
|
| |
|
|
4500 |
First Mounds built along
lower Mississippi. Watson Brake Settled near Monroe,
Louisiana
Northern California Settled |
|
|
4400 |
Horse
domesticated in the Old World. |
|
4000 |
Settlement at Kodiak
Island, Alaska
Hunters built permanent base camps at the location known
as the Koster site Illinois
Chorotega Culture in Central America? |
|
|
3500 |
Sumerian
settled on the site of the city of Babylon and developed
a phonetic Alphabet.
Bronze made for first time.
Paper made from Papyrus reed.
Hieroglyph developed in Egypt |
|
3372 |
The
earliest date of the
Mayan calendar, on which all later
Mayan dates were based. The Maya used several calendars
simultaneously. One of them called the "long count", is
a continuous record of days from a zero date that
correlates to
Aug. 13, 3114 BC, and is more precise than
the Julian calendar revised in Europe in 1582. |
|
|
3000 |
The end of
prehistory and the beginning of recorded history.
Astronomical Observations in Egypt.
Extensive irrigation works developed along the Nile in
Egypt
First medical treatise
First Chariots using the horse
Civilization begins around the Indus Valley |
|
3000 |
Tehuacan Valley in Mexico Occupied.
Horticulture developed with extensive cultivation of
maize, beans, chili, and squashes. Construction of large
buildings
Southern California settled.
Arizona and New Mexico horticulture
The
Caral Culture in the coast of Peru. Caral is the
oldest civilization in the Americas, having
developed almost simultaneously with the civilizations
of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. |
|
|
2600 |
Pyramid of
Gizeh in Egypt, followed by the great pyramid of Cheops |
|
2600 |
Southeast
of U.S. settlements were located largely in river
valleys and based on fishing
In Peru, South America, there is evidence that cotton
was cultivated |
|
| |
|
|
2500 |
The
highland villages of the people called the
Olmecs in
Mexico begins. Irrigation and terracing
"Archaic" Indians developed sophisticated fishing
techniques in Boston, Massachusetts. |
|
|
2180 |
End of the
Akkadian civilization in Mesopotamia
Hsia Dynasty began in China |
|
|
|
|
|
2060 |
Sumerian
renaissance and the Dinasty of Ur. Babylonian
mathematics reached its highest level |
|
2000 |
The
ancestor of modern
Inuit moved as far east as Greenland
and established settlements.
The first long term settlements at
Poverty Point,
Louisiana |
|
|
1728 |
Hammurabi
king of Babylon, reunited the kingdom. Hammurabi's Code
The Shang Dynasty in China replaced the Hia Dynasty |
|
|
|
|
|
1500 |
In Egypt,
priest under Akhenaten wrote a new religion
Greek victorious at Troy. |
|
1500 |
Georgia
and Florida Indian's pottery techniques improved to the
production of fine fired earthenware ceramics.
Poverty Point
mounds expanded in Louisiana. The
first of the great
Mississippian
Culture |
|
|
1200 |
Collapse
of Assyria
The Israelites established in Palestine |
|
1200 |
Olmec
Civilization in Mexico. Centers at Chalcatzinango
and La Venta |
|
|
753 |
Traditional date for the founding of Rome
Homer, a Greek poet/singer wrote down his best
song/poems the Iliad and the Odyssey
The Olympic Games stared in Greece in 776 |
|
750 |
Temple
mounds built in Ohio Valley by the
Adena
Hopewell
people. They were a sophisticated culture with
elaborately constructed ceremonial centers and
extraordinary trade network
The
Paracas Culture in Peru begins
The Chavin Culture arose in the highlands of Peru |
|
|
650 |
Assyrians
conquered Babylon
Empire of Japan established |
|
|
|
|
|
559 |
Cyrus, the
Great, a Persian king conquered Babylon
Confucius in China |
|
|
|
|
|
460 |
Pericles
in Athens. Golden Age of Greece. Greek philosophers
flourish
Hippocrates, father of the Medicine |
|
400 |
End of the
Olmec Civilization by unknown reasons
The Tiahuanacu Culture arose in the highlands of
Bolivia. Eventually the city will have 50,000
inhabitants |
|
|
334 |
Alexander
the Great in Greece |
|
300 |
Hohokam
Culture began farming in the Gila and Salt Valleys of
what is now Arizona. They were an horticulturalist
society that developed a very complex irrigation system |
|
|
200 |
Roman
Empire at its height. |
|
200 |
The
Moche
Culture in South America (More
Links) |
|
|
100 |
The Dead
Sea Scrolls store in caves (100 BC 100 AD) |
|
100 |
The
Serpent mound built by the
Adena Hopewell Indians near
the town of Locust Grove, Ohio. Other great early
Mississippian sites are at Etowah, Georgia; Spiro,
Oklahoma; and Moundville, Alabama |
|
|
46 |
Julius
Cesar introduced the Julian Calendar |
|
|
|
|
|
Year AD |
CHRISTIAN
ERA |
|
Year AD |
|
|
|
1 |
Jesus
Christ born in Judea, an outer province of the Roman
Empire.
World population estimated at 300 million |
|
1 |
City of
Teotihuacan rose to prominence in the Mexico basin.
The
pyramids of Teotihuacan were among the biggest in
America. Its leaders had a sophisticated
astronomical observatory. (More
links)
The Hohokam
Culture moved to sites along the Salt River in
Arizona and began an irrigation system that is the basis
of modern-day Phoenix
La Milpa City, a Mayan City is built |
|
|
33 |
Death of
Jesus Christ |
|
2 |
El
Mirador
in Northern Guatemala |
|
|
64 |
Rebellion
in Rome. Emperor Nero begins persecution of Christians |
|
50 |
The
Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan
begins to be built
The
City of Monte Alban in Oaxaca, Mexico increased in
size an power |
|
|
70 |
Revolt of
the Jews in Judea against Rome. Jerusalem destroyed |
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
By the end
of the first century every major city in the Roman
Empire had a Christian Church |
|
100 |
People
from Mesoamerica migrated north along several different
routes and took up permanent residence in the Four
Corners area of the Colorado Plateau (Utah, Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona).
The
Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan is built around
150 AC |
|
|
180 |
Death of
Marcus Aurelius and the begin of the collapse of Roman
economic and political system |
|
250 |
The
Nazca
Culture on the coast of Peru |
|
|
285 |
The Roman
Empire divided in two with two capitals. |
|
292 |
Emergence
of the classic
Maya
Culture in the Yucatan lowlands
of southern Mexico and Guatemala.
Tikal Mayan City |
|
|
312 |
Emperor
Constantine |
|
300 |
Mayan
Culture
Classic Period start (More
links)
Rapa Nui, Eastern Island Culture begins in the South
Pacific
The
Chibcha Culture in Colombia achieved their height |
|
|
313 |
Edict of
Milan restored to all Christians throughout the Roman
Empire freedom of workship |
|
|
|
|
|
325 |
Council of
Nicea. Christianity became the official religion
of the Roman empire. |
|
350 |
The
Hohokam
Culture settled in several sites along the Gila and Salt
River drainage in Central Arizona. |
|
|
382 |
Barbarian
hordes from the Black Sea region and Mongols from Asian
steppes invaded Roman Empire from the Mediterranean to
as far as Britain |
|
|
|
|
|
393 |
The
Olympic Games in Greece were abolished by the Roman
Emperor Theodocius I |
|
400 |
The early
Anasazi Culture emerged in Northern Arizona and the Four
Corners Area. The Anasazi sites all had similar
characteristics. They cultivated maize, beans and
cotton.
Fremont Culture in Utah area
The
Zapotec
Culture in Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico |
|
|
476 |
The
official date of the end of the Roman Empire |
|
500 |
The
Hohokam
Culture introduced ball courts, large oval courts
similar to those found in Mesoamerica, for the playing
of a game with a rubber ball |
|
|
590 |
Pope
Gregory the Great the most influential person in Europe |
|
590 |
Cholula in
the fertile Puebla-Tlaxcala valley thrives. Its Great
Pyramid, Tlachihualtépetl ("man-made mountain"), is
enlarged; stairs on all four sides allow access to the
summit. Subsequent enlargements will make it the
largest, continuously used structure in ancient America
(Pyramid of Cholula). |
|
|
603 |
First
recorded mention of London as a city |
|
600 |
First
settlers believed to have settled on the Red River site
of Spiro, Oklahoma
The
Moche Culture ends
The Huari Culture begins in Peru |
|
|
702 |
In Japan
the first penal and civil code was promulgated |
|
700 |
Tetihuacan, Mexico at its zenith and the sixth largest
city in the world. population of 200,000 inhabitants
The
Bonampak site in Chiapas, Mexico, has frescoes
painted on the stucco walls of Structure I from this
time. They depict war, sacrifice and celebration. The
name glyph for Shield Jaguar II, king of nearby
Yaxchilan, was recognized. |
|
|
722 |
In China a
233-foot Buddha was built in Sichuan province. In 2002 a
$30 million restoration project was undertaken |
|
750 |
Teotihuacan invaded and reduced to rubble. It was
burned, deserted and its people scattered.
The Hohokam
Culture expanded their Culture from Central Arizona
up the Verde and Agua Fria Rivers as far North as
Flagstaff
Expansion of geometric patterns of mounds at
Moundville,
Alabama
The Nazca
Culture declined |
|
|
800 |
Pope Leo
II crowned Charlemagne a German, king of the barbarian Franks,
emperor of the new holy Empire |
|
800 |
Tula
became the new capital of the
Toltec
Culture in
Mexico. Population 50,000 inhabitants
Mogollon
Culture in Arizona began producing Mimbres
pottery |
|
|
828 |
Jan 28,
Charlemagne (71), German Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor
(800-814), died. In 1968 Jacques Boussard authored “The
Civilisation of Charlemagne.” |
|
825 |
Athabascan
people from Alaska migrated into the Pacific Northwest
and Southwest. |
|
|
900 |
The east
coast of Africa was impacted by trade and Arab, Persian
and Indian traders mixed with the indigenous Bantu. Many
of the coastal Bantu adopted Islam and the Arabic word
Swahili, meaning "people of the shore," to describe
themselves. |
|
900 |
The center
of the
Mississippian Culture at its peak. Population
40,000 inhabitants. Cahokia City.
End of the Mayan Classic period
Mixtec Culture in Oaxaca Mexico |
|
|
912 |
Abd al
Rahman III, Umayyad caliph in Spain, purchased
Scandinavian, African and German slaves to serve in his
forces. At this time Cordoba was western Europe's
largest city with a population of 200,000 people. |
|
919 |
Roof beams
were cut for
Pueblo Bonito. Considered the highest
expression of American Indian Architecture. Pueblo
Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico |
|
|
970 |
The Sung
(Song) dynasty ruled over China. It was from this period
that the Japanese tea ceremony originated; the ritual
was developed for a tranquility of mind. Since this
period mountainous looking rocks have been prized as
objects of contemplation. Porcelain from this period is
particularly beautiful |
|
987 |
The god
Quetzalcoatl was banished from Tula
The City of Chanchan (Chimu Culture) arose on the coast
of Peru.
Chancay Culture in Peru?
The Tiahuanacu
Culture declined in Bolivia
The Toltec people took over the city of
Chichen Itza,
Mexico
The Viking Leif Erickson reached North America |
|
|
1066 |
William of
Normandy invaded England and Conquered King Harold at
the Battle of Hastings. |
|
1073 |
Beginning
of the construction of pueblos at Mesa Verde in
Southwestern Colorado
Rapa-Nui, Eastern Island Culture deforestation and
declined |
|
|
1095 |
First
Crusade |
|
1100 |
Mesa Verde
at its height. The settlement in Southern Colorado
reached its largest population
Tula was overrun by invaders, probably
Chichimecs
raiders from the North, and its temples and palaces
burned to the ground |
|
|
1114 |
Second
Crusade |
|
1120 |
Chaco
Canyon people built and elaborated
road system. Over 500
miles of road carved into rock in order to link outlying
communities to the central site of Pueblo Bonito, New
Mexico |
|
| |
|
|
1125 |
Hohokam
Culture at
its height. They built hundred of miles of canals to
irrigate their fields of maize, beans, squash and
cotton. |
|
| |
|
|
1132 |
City of
Texcoco founded in Mexico Valley. |
|
|
1189 |
The Third
Crusade. The third of a series of papal-inspired wars to
reclaim the Holy Land from the infidels |
|
1197 |
The
Inca
Empire arose from the highlands of Peru. Manco Capac his
first ruler. City of Cuzco |
|
|
1198 |
Fourth
Crusade |
|
1200 |
Construction of the Great House at Casa Grande, Arizona |
|
|
1204 |
Constantinople sacked by the Christians Crusades, the
first capture of Constantinople in history and the most
violent looting of the city |
|
|
|
|
|
1215 |
Sixth
Crusade
Magna Carta, 1215 |
|
1225 |
West
Mexican metalworkers produce bells, rings, and tweezers
in copper-tin bronze and copper arsenic bronze. |
|
|
1245 |
From 1245
to 1300: The Seventh, Eight and Nine Crusade
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 1253 |
|
1250 |
Cholula to
the east of the Basin of Mexico is conquered by the
northern Tolteca. Chichimeca people and a new ceremonial
precinct is built around the Pyramid of Quetzalcoátl.
Cholula's Great Pyramid was the focal point of religious
activity for over a thousand years. |
|
|
1300 |
Otoman
Empire defend their lands from the Crusades
|
|
1300 |
American
Indian population in North and Central America reached
its peak. The population in Mexico was believed to be
over 30 million; of North America between 12 and 15
million; and South America, over 20 million.
The Delaware migrated from West to East.
The Mississippians withdrew southward.
Onondaga culture in what is now upstate New York
Apachean people began break into separate tribes of
Navajo and Apache.
Ica-Chincha Culture flourished in Southern Peru |
|
| |
|
|
1325 |
The
traditional date for the founding of the
Aztec City of
Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. The city was
founded in the middle of Lake Texcoco. |
|
|
1332 |
The height
of the Mandingo Empire in West Africa |
|
1330 |
City of
Tenochtitlan: Causeways built with canals.
The Aztecs governed by Tenpanecs |
|
|
1347 |
First
outbreak of the Bubonic Plague in Europe. Over 20
million Europeans died. One-third of the world
population is believed to have died |
|
1347 |
Tlatelolco,
a companion city to Tenochtitlan, founded in
Lake Texcoco. Causeways longer than 5 miles connected the
cities with firm land |
|
|
1356 |
Ottoman
Empire invades Europe |
|
1390 |
Traditional founding date of the League of
Haudenosaunee,
known as the Iroquois Confederacy. The league was formed
by the Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk, and Cayuga
Chimu Culture take over on Moche Territory in Peru |
|
|
1400 |
Johann
Gutenberg (Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg
d.1468), was born in Mainz. He was the inventor of
movable, metal type, a stamping mold for casting type,
the alloy of lead, tin, and antimony for the cast
letters, the printing press itself, and a printing ink
with an oil base.
Italian Renaissance, ca 1400-1530 |
|
1400 |
The
population of the Mississippi River system began to
decline
The
Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan arose as the
prominent city in the Central Mexico basin dominating
much older and more established cities
Tepanecs defeated. New ruler |
|
|
1410 |
First
translation of Ptolemy's Geography appeared in Toledo
and revived the notion that earth was round |
|
1400 |
Chimu
Civilization in South America declined |
|
|
1419 |
Prince
Henry of Portugal sent expeditions west to explore the
Madeira Islands |
|
|
|
|
|
1420 |
Prince
Henry the Navigator gathered cartographers, navigators
and shipbuilders in a fortress in Sagres, Portugal, to
invent navigation technology to reach India, China and
the Americas. He later sailed south of the Canary
Islands to the great eastward curve of West Africa at
Sierra Leone. Although dubbed "Henry the
Navigator" by English writers, he never embarked on the
voyages of exploration he himself sponsored.
Nevertheless, the prince helped advance European
cartography and the accuracy of navigation tools as well
as spurring maritime commerce. |
|
1428 |
Aztec
Triple Alliance (Texcoco and Tlapocan) . Izcoatl
became ruler of the Aztecs and led the city-state of
Tenochtitlan to great wealth and military power |
|
|
1431 |
Joan of
arc burned at the stake in Rouen, France |
|
|
|
|
|
1432 |
Prince
Henry of Portugal sent another expedition to the Azores |
|
1437 |
Viracocha
Inca Emperor in Tahuantinsuyo, Peru |
|
| |
|
|
1438 |
The height
of Izcoatl's rule of the Aztecs and the revision of
official Aztecs history to align the Aztecs with the
Toltec tradition
Pachacuti Sapa Inca is born. He transformed the Kingdom
of Cuzo in the Empire of
Tahuantinsuyo that in three
generation extended from Southern Colombia to Central
Chile.
Sacsayhuamán &
Machu Picchu are built in Peru |
|
|
1441 |
Portugal
began the slave trade from West Africa |
|
1440 |
Itzcoatl's
death. Tlacaelel remained as royal advisor to the new
Aztec king Axyacatl. |
|
|
1450 |
Pope
Nicholas V authorized the Portuguese to "attack,
subject, and reduce to perpetual slavery..." in Africa |
|
1452 |
Tenochtitlan declined by flood and famine |
|
|
1453 |
The end of
the Hundred Years War between England and France |
|
|
|
|
|
1456 |
In
Germany, Gutemberg, who introduced movable type into
Europe, produced the first printed Bible |
|
1458 |
Death of
Axyacatl in the Aztec empire. Assumption of Moctezuma I
as a ruler. he sent armies to conquer more lands |
|
| |
|
|
1469 |
Death of
Moctezuma I |
|
|
1474 |
Queen
Isabella succeeded to the throne of Castile in Spain.
Five years later (1479) her husband Ferdinand succeeded
to the throne of Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia |
|
1471 |
Death of
Emperor Pachacuti in Peru. Topa Inca assume as a ruler |
|
|
1478 |
Ferdinand
and Isabella instituted the Spanish Inquisition, a
quasi-religious and civil court, in coordination with
the pope and the Spanish Catholic Church |
|
1478 |
The two
cities of
Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco merge, becoming
the most densely populated urban center in Mesoamerica.
It covers an area of approximately five square miles. |
|
| |
|
|
1481 |
Death of
Tlacaetl, the advisor if Aztecs ruler in Mexico.
Military power of the Aztecs, 100,000 warriors |
|
|
1483 |
Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor, traveled to the
court of King of Portugal to request financing for an
expedition to the west to reach India. His request is
turned down |
|
1482 |
A superbly
sculpted monument, depicting the dismembered body of
Coyolxauhqui, sister of the Aztec tribal and war god
Huitzilopochtli, is placed at the foot of the stairway
leading to his sanctuary at the Main Temple. |
|
|
1486 |
The Malleu
Maleficarum, published in Germany by two Catholic
priests. it described "step-by-step instruction on the
arrest, torture, conviction and execution of witches"
|
|
1487 |
The
Great
Temple at Tenochtitlan dedicated. The Aztec Empire
extended to Mayan lands |
|
|
1486 |
Franciscan
Monks presented Columbus's request for financing to the
Spanish court as second time. It was rejected |
|
1490 |
The total
number of inhabitants in the island city of
Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco may have reached 200,000 or
more. The bulk of the urban population are workers,
including craft specialists such as potters, goldsmiths,
lapidaries, featherworkers, and stonemasons. They
produce ceremonial art and luxury goods of the finest
quality for use by Aztec nobles in temples and palaces.
The most important commercial center of central Mexico
is the great market of
Tlatelolco. |
|
|
1492 |
Spain
conquered Granada the last Morish stronghold in Spain.
It ended 700 years of war between Spain and the Islamic
Moors.
The Spanish Inquisition expelled all the Moors, along
with 200,000 Jews, and confiscated all their properties
in Spain
Columbu's Project of westward route to India was
presented a third time at court and approved. He was
given the tittles of admiral and "governor of the
territories to be discovered" and three ships. |
|
1492 |
The
Inca
Empire "Tahuantinsuyo" at its height ruled between 3-15
million inhabitants (Kroeber, 1939, sapper, 1925)
The
Aztec Empire "Anahuac" at its height ruled between
6-19 million inhabitants
The
Tainos of Bohio or Kiskeya (Hispaniola) Dominican
Republic and Haiti and the Caribbean Island reached
600,000 to 3 million of inhabitants (Primary sources)
The total
population of the Americas reached between
60-112 million of inhabitants with probably more than
1,000 languages spoken in
North.
Central, and
South
America.
Tribes in Eastern United States
Tribes in Western United States
Tribes in Alaska |
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Main Source: Nies, J.,
Native American History, Ballantine Books; 1st edition
(December 3, 1996)Disclaimer:
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American History-Educational Material/Non Commercial
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