|
UTAH HISTORY |
UTAH UTE
AND AMERICAN INDIAN EXPERIENCE |
|
Year |
Event |
Year |
Event |
9,000
B.C. |
Paleoindian |
Before 1500's |
Story of the
Creation: The Ute Creator is Senawahu, who made land for the use
of the Indians. Ute
Creation Story
Ute Land Area was about 225,000 sq. miles
(3-D Map
A)
(3-D
Map B)
Ute Prehistory
(Utah Office of Indian Affairs)
Utah
Natives Picture Collection
Ute
Collection of Resources and Pictures
Utah Places with Indian names
USOE Indian Education Lesson Plans |
5,000
B.C. |
Archaic
Indian |
|
|
1,000
B.C. |
Anazasi
and
Freemont |
Before 1500's |
Ute's a Long Time Ago
(Lesson Plan).
Archeological Map
of the Southwest |
|
1,300 |
Ute,
Paiute, Shoshoni, Navajo Goshute |
|
|
|
|
|
1492 |
Columbus
encountered the Taino people in the Caribbean Island.
Chief Guacanagari, welcomed Columbus |
| |
|
1534 |
Alvaro Nuņez
Caveza de Vaca Travel thought the Southwest. He and three more man
where looking for Mexico. One of them was an African slave
called Estebanico. These events took place 300 miles South
of Ute Country (Kapote and Muache Utes). (Map) |
| |
|
1538 |
Fray Juan Marcos
de Niza and Estebanico with an small force, returned to the
Southwest, searching for the Seven cities of Cibola. |
| |
|
1539-1543 |
Francisco Vazquez
de Coronado leads and expedition of more than 1,300 man, 4
Franciscan monks and several slaves in search of the Seven
Cities of Cibola.
These events took place
90 miles South of Ute Country (Kapote and Muache Utes). (Map) |
| |
|
1540 |
Lopez de
Cardenas, an officer of Coronado, reach the Colorado River from
the rim of Grand Canyon. These events took place 170 miles South
of Ute and Paiute Country (Pahvant Utes). |
| |
|
1600-1640 |
First contact with Spaniards (Introduction to the Horse)
Early Cartography of the Southwest |
| |
|
1604 |
An Exploratory
expedition sent by Juan de Oņate met an Indian (Southern Paiute?) |
| |
|
1604 |
The
City of Santa Fe, New
Mexico is founded by Pedro de Peralta |
|
1607 |
Jamestown is founded in Virginia
Mapping of Colonial Americas |
1607 |
Between 1607 and 1776, at
least 175 treaties were signed between the British
Empire and the Colonies with American Indian Tribes.
Pocahontas, a Powhatan Princess, meets and helps
Jamestown |
|
1620 |
The Mayflower Compact |
1608 |
Pocahontas, a Powhatan
Princess, meets and helps Jamestown (Eastern Tribes) |
|
1621 |
Plymouth is founded in
Massachusetts.
William Bradford was
one of the leaders of the pilgrims who established
Plymouth Colony. |
1621 |
Squanto,
a Patuxet Indian, helps Plymouth town (Eastern Tribes) |
| |
|
1638 |
First recorded
conflict between the Spaniards and the Utes. 80 "Utacas" were
capture and taken to Santa Fe, New Mexico. |
| |
|
1649, Dec. 30 |
First Treaty with the Utes, "One of Peace and Amity" |
| |
|
1680 |
The
Pueblo Revolt in New
Mexico obligated the Spaniards to abandon Santa Fe.
It is said that Ute participated in the Pueblo Revolt.
(3-D:
Map of
Pueblo,
Pueblo/North,
Pueblo/Central,
Pueblo/South) |
| |
|
1700 |
Achieved ascendancy among the other tribes; great powers
horsemen (Juan Armando Neil said they were: "the bravest Indians
that he had encountered in New Spain." |
| |
|
1749 |
Leaders of three Ute groups, Don Thomas of the "Utas, Barrignton
of the "Chaugaguas" ad Chicito of the "Moaches" agree on "peace"
(alliance) with the Spaniards |
| |
|
1765 |
The Old Spanish Trail
Juan Maria de
Rivera explored the area from Santa Fe to the Gunnison River in
Colorado. His purpose was to find a trail to reach California.
The first to complete the circuit from Santa Fe to Los Angeles
was Mexican trader Antonio Armijo in the winter of 1829-30.
(Trail
Map)
(Trail
Map 2) |
|
1776 |
Declaration of
Independence,
July 4, 1776
Fathers Silvestre Velez de
Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Dominguez
seek a new route from New Mexico to California and
explore Utah.
Trails
Map
Dominguez
and Escalante Journal/Maps Collection |
1776 |
Escalante's Expedition through the basin.
The Fathers used two Ute guides that they named Silvestre and
Joaquin. (More
Links)
Dominguez
and Escalante Journal/Maps Collection |
| |
|
1786 |
Spanish Governor Juan Bautista de Anza arranged a a peace
between the Comanche leader Ecueracapa and the Ute leaders Mora
and Pinto. |
|
1787 |
Constitution of the United States,
May 14, 1787 |
1787 |
Between
1787 and 1868,
371 treaties were
signed between the U.S. and American Indian Tribes. |
| |
|
1804-1806 |
Lewis and Clark Expedition
(Satellite
Maps)
Westward Expansion of U.S. - Routes
(Map from1791
to 1912)
Westward Expansion of U.S. -
Regions (Map
of Regions) |
| |
|
1806 |
Captain Zebulon Pike
was sent to explore the Colorado Rockies.
While camped in San Luis Valley, he and his men were arrested by
Spanish soldiers and put in jail. |
|
1821 |
Mexico wins independence from Spain and
claims Utah. |
|
|
| |
|
1822 |
Lechat, a Ute leader came to Santa Fe, New Mexico to propose
trade |
| |
|
1823 |
Johnson vs. McIntosh Supreme Court
Decision: This case tested the validity
of land sold by tribal chiefs to private persons in 1773
and 1775. The court decided that Indian Tribes had
no power to grant lands to anyone other than the federal
government. The federal government, in turn, held title
to the all land based upon the "doctrine of discovery." |
| |
|
1824-1844 |
Trappers seeks fur and trade in Ute Lands.
Peter Skene Ogden from the
Hudson's Bay Company,
Jedediah Smith
and Thomas Fizpatrick from the
Rocky Mountain Fur Company
(owned by William Ashley) and Independent trappers, such as
Etienne Provost and Robidoux
brothers who were traveling from Taos Pueblo. |
|
1824 |
General William H. Ashley
sends trappers to northern Utah and Jim Bridger
discovers the Great Salt Lake. |
1824 |
Ashley's expedition of the Uintah Basin
The Indian Office is created under the Department of
War. The office later becomes the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) in 1849. |
|
1825 |
Jedediah Smith leads the first overland
expedition to California. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
1826-1827 |
Opening of the Old Spanish Trail
(Trails
Map) Ute lands of
the Kapotas, Weeminuche, Tumpanawach, and Pah Vant
(Map) |
|
1829 |
The Old
Spanish Trail which enters Utah about fifteen miles east
of Monticello, and continues roughly northwesterly to
about the town of Green River, crosses the Colorado
River just northwest of Moab and eventually crosses
desert and wash region until it reaches the Green River. |
|
|
|
1830 |
On April 6
Joseph Smith organizes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints in Fayette, New York. |
1830-1848 |
Ute levied "tax" on the Spanish Traders. Ute
traded animal pelts of beaver and otter, and tanned hides of
elk, deer, mountain sheep, and buffalo for weapons, ammunition,
blankets, utensils, and trinkets. |
|
|
|
1830 |
Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen
on the Removal Act, April 9, 1830. (Eastern Tribes)
David Crockett, a Tennessee legislator and U.S.
congressman also openly opposed to the Indian Removal.
(read pp. 143-144.)
Indian Removal Act, President Andrew Jackson
(Eastern Tribes) |
|
1832 |
Antoine Robidoux builds a trading post in
the Uintah Basin. |
1831 |
Antoinne Robidoux opened a trading post in the Northern end of
the Basin (More
Links) |
| |
|
1831 |
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
Decision: the State of Georgia passed and
enacted policies that only limited the Cherokee Tribal
sovereignty but also were unconstitutional in their
view. The court proclaimed that that Indian were neither
US citizens, nor independent nations, but rather were
"domestic nations" whose relationship to the US
"resembles that of a ward to his guardian." |
| |
|
1832 |
Worcester vs Georgia Court
Decision: Samuel Austin
Worcester, a religious missionary from Vermont who was
working with Cherokee natives sued the State of Georgia
which had arrested him, claiming that the State had no
authority over him within the boundaries of the Cherokee
Nation. The court ruled in favor of Worcester,
stating that state laws did not extend in Indian
Country. Indian tribes were under the protection
of the federal government. |
| |
|
1833 |
Fort Kit Carson established near the present day Ouray Community
|
|
1836 |
William
Craig, Philip Thompson, and Previtt Sinclair built a
fort at Brown's Hole and after news of the fall of the
Alamo and the death of Davy Crockett reached the
mountains, the owners renamed it
Fort Davy Crockett.
However, the mountain men usually referred to the place
as "Fort Misery" because of the deplorable conditions.
|
|
|
| |
|
1837 |
Fort Uncomphagre established at confluence of Gunnison and
Uncomphagre rivers, Northwestern Colorado. Also
Fort Robidoux is
established. |
| |
|
1838 |
The
Cherokee "Trail of Tears" |
|
1839 |
Joseph Smith established
Navoo
in area called Commerce, Illinois. |
1840's |
The Oregon Trail
(2,170 miles long) is started to be
used. Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were the first Euroamericans
to cross the Oregon Trail in covered wagon during 1836. The "Great
Migration" started in 1843. Over the next 25 years, more than a
half of million of people went West on the Trail
(Trail
Map) |
|
1841 |
Capt. John Bartleson leads first wagon
train of settlers across Utah to California. |
|
|
|
1843 |
John C. Fremont and
Kit Carson explore
the Great Basin. |
1843 |
Lieutenant
John Charles Freemont traveled
trough Utah Ute lands, leading the first scientific exploration
of the area |
|
1844 |
Miles Goodyear builds Fort Buenaventura. |
1844 |
Fort Robidoux is burned by Ute Indians |
|
1846 |
543 men
enlist in the
Mormon Battalion, to fight for the United
States in the Mexican War, and eventually march the
longest military march in history of 2000 miles.
The Donner-Reed party pursued a route from Henefer
through Emigration Canyon where they met with extreme
hardship both there and in the Salt Lake Desert. This
substantial loss in time caused them to become snowbound
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and resulted in only
forty-seven of the original eight-seven's arrival at
Sutter's Fort |
|
|
|
1847 |
James
Bridger meets the Mormon pioneers and discusses the
merits of settling in the Salt Lake Valley, draws a map
on the ground depicting the region with great accuracy,
and conveys to Brigham Young his misgivings regarding
the agricultural productivity of the Salt Lake area
First party of Mormon pioneers arrive in the Salt Lake
Valley.
(Immigration
Map)
3-D Map Collection:
Map 1:
Immigration Canyon-Monument
"This is the Place"
Map 2:
Immigration Canyon
-Monument "This is the Place"
Map 3:
Salt Lake City in 1847
(Regions)
Map 4:
American Indians in Utah in 1847
Pioneers Primary Sources/Heritage
Gateway
Utah History Picture Collection |
1847 |
By the
time the Mormons arrived to Utah, there were different
American Indian Tribes living in Utah territory, the
Shoshone in Northern Utah, the
Goshute in
Eastern Utah, the Cumumba Utes, in what is now
Ogden, The Timpanogo Utes in the Provo area, The
Sanpit Utes in Central Utah, the Pahvant Utes
in Southern Utah, the Uinta Utes in the Uintas,
the Seberecheth Utes in Moab area, Weeminuche
Utes in Southwestern Utah and the
Paiutes in
southeastern Utah. More links:
UB-TAH Ute History
Map: (3-D
Map of Utah American Indians in 1846)
Utah Places with Indian names |
|
1847 |
On January
27 the
Mormon Battalion, completed its march across the
Southwest, arriving in San Luis Rey, California.
(Map
of the Mormon Battalion March)
The
primary establishment of settlements in Utah marked the
founding of the north-south line of settlements from
Cache Valley on the Idaho border, along the Wasatch
Front and Wasatch Plateau, down to Utah's Dixie on the
Arizona border |
|
|
|
1848 |
U.S. wins Mexican War and the
Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo is signed which cedes Utah to the
United States.
On January
24 nine members of the discharged Mormon Battalion were
at
Sutter's Mill in California when gold was discovered
In order to provide a satisfactory circulating medium
for the early settlers of Utah, Brigham Young and his
associates in the LDS Church established a church mint
and circulated
paper money backed by the treasury and
officials of the LDS Church |
1848 |
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ends the Mexican War and
enlarges the U.S. territory to include Ute Lands.
(More
Links) |
|
1849 |
Constitutional convention proposes the
State of Deseret which encompasses the entire Great
Basin.
U.S. Senate passes a bill
providing for the organization of Utah Territory
(rejecting the name Deseret and shrinking its borders).
University of Deseret (later University of Utah) is
chartered). The Deseret News starts in June.
|
1849 |
March 1, 1849:
First confrontation between the Ute and the Pioneers.
"Battle Creek" in Pleasant Grove.
Agent Calhoun negotiates a treaty with the
Ute people at Abiqui
New Mexico
Ute and Pioneer Confrontations,
1849-1853 |
|
1849 |
Mormon
pioneers built "Fort Utah" on a Utah Valley stream that
had generally been known as the Timpanogos.
First post office established in Salt Lake City
The Mormon Church initiated the
Perpetual Emigrating
Fund Company (PEF) primarily to help Mormon refugees
from Nauvoo, Illinois, migrate to Utah. It also became a
major instrument for gathering Latter-day Saint converts
to Utah from abroad, assisting some 26,000 immigrants
between 1852 and 1887 |
1849 |
Captain Howard Stansbury
of the U.S. Topographical Engineers was sent to begin a survey
for a military post on the edge of the desert.
Formerly the Indian Office becomes the Bureau of Indian
Affairs which is transferred from the War Department to
the department of Interior |
|
1850 |
11,380
settlers called the newly created Utah Territory their
home
Map:
U.S. Territories/Utah Territory |
1850 |
Mormon militia attacks a Ute group near Fort Utah.
They laid seige to s a group of about seventy people lead
by Big Elk and Ope-Carry.
Ute and Pioneer Confrontation in
Fort Utah on February 1850 |
|
1851 |
On
February 3,
Brigham Young took the oath of office,
becoming the first
Governor of the Utah Territory
Map:
Utah Territory in 1851 |
1851 |
The Utah territorial Indian Agency was established by Congress.
|
|
1852 |
LDS Church authorities publicly
acknowledge the
doctrine of plural marriage. |
|
|
|
1853 |
Captain
John Gunnison and a surveying party traveled part of the
Old Spanish Trail before turning north along the Sevier
River
In October, Indians kill Gunnison and a number of
others. |
|
|
|
1853 |
LDS Church begins the
construction of the
Salt Lake Temple.
The Walker War with the Ute Indians begins over slavery
among the Indians. |
1853-1854 |
Wakara (Walker) leads the Utah Utes in a series of raids on
Mormon settlements, known as the
Walker War
Walkara
War 1
and
Walkara War 2 |
|
1854 |
Grasshopper plagues endanger crops. |
1854 |
Peace was arranged by
Brigham Young and
Wakara at Chicken Creek in May
1854. Wakara died in January 1855 |
| |
|
1855 |
Kapota and Moache were force to sign peace treaties (never
ratified) |
|
1856-1860 |
On June 9
the first
handcart company left Iowa City, Iowa,
followed by two handcart companies later that year the
James G. Willie and Edward Martin Handcart Companies.
Due to an early winter more than 200 people died along
the trail |
1856 |
Indian Agent Gallard Hurt established Indian farms at the Corn
Creek, Tewlve Mile Creek, and Spanish Fork. (More
Links) |
|
1857-1861 |
Brigham Young is removed as governor by
President James Buchanan who sends a 2,500-man military
force to accompany the new governor
Alfred Cumming to
the territory, starting the
Utah War.
Map:
Mormon Colonization by 1857 |
1857 |
Mountain Meadows Massacre |
|
1857 |
Mountain Meadows Massacre
On September 11 the Mountain Meadow massacre took place.
Arkansas immigrant on their way to California were
killed in Iron County, Utah |
1858 |
Federal Troops arrive in Utah to resolve rising tensions between
Mormons and the United States government. Indian Agent Jacob
Forney accompanies the troops. |
|
1857-1858 |
Brigham Young is removed as governor by
President James Buchanan
who sends a 2,500-man military force to accompany the
new governor Alfred Cumming to the territory, starting
the Utah War. In May the citizens living north of Utah
County abandoned their homes and moved south, leaving
only a few men in each town. On June 26 Johnston's army
arrives in the valley and eventually started Camp Floyd
around forty south of the city |
1859 |
Gold is discovered in Pikes Peak area |
|
1860 |
On April 7
the first
Pony Express rider arrived in Salt Lake City
having left Sacramento, California on the evening of
April 3. On April 9 the first Pony Express rider from
the east arrived in Salt Lake City, having left St.
Joseph, Missouri on the evening of April 3 |
1860's |
Major John Wesley Powell
began a survey of
Ute lands which would becom part of the U.S. Geological Survey. |
|
1861 |
Brigham Young sent a survey
party to the
Uinta Basin to see if it could support a Mormon
settlement. According to a report, it 'was entirely unsuitable
for farming purposes"...and it was..."one vast contiguity of
waste and measurable valueless, excepting for nomadic
purposes...hunting ground for Indians." |
|
|
|
1861 |
Telegraph joins in Tooele County. |
1861 |
Brigham Young sent a survey
party to the Uinta Basin to see if it could support a Mormon
settlement. According to a report, it 'was entirely unsuitable
for farming purposes"...and it was..."one vast contiguity of
waste and measurable valueless, excepting for nomadic
purposes...hunting ground for Indians." |
|
1861 |
Third movement for
Statehood begins in
December 1861-1862
Map:
Utah Territory 1861 |
1861 |
President Lincoln
sets
Uintah Valley aside as a Ute Reservation
(Satellite Map) |
| |
|
1863 |
Tumpanawach, Pah-vant, Parianuche, and Yamparika Utes meet in
central Utah, Black Hawk leads series of raids known as the
Black Hawk Wars of Utah. |
|
1863 |
Discovery of silver and lead in Bingham
Canyon. |
1863 |
John Nicolay, secretary to President Lincoln was sent west to
head a commission to deal with the Utes. One tribe got its
territory described in the process. |
|
1863 |
On January
29 Colonel
Patrick E. Connor, with about 200 troops,
defeated a band of Shoshone Indians on the Bear River
(now known as the
Bear River Massacre). |
1863 |
The Taviwach leaders signed a treaty relinquishing the Colorado
territory and with its mineral rights (ratified March 25, 1864).
This followed skirmishes between the Taviwach band and intruding
prospectors in the Middle Park area. |
|
1864 |
Isabella
and Julius Brooks and their children were the first
Jewish family to settle in pioneer Utah |
1864 Feb. 1 |
Indian commissioners ordered to collect and remove Indians. |
|
1864-1867 |
The
Salt
Lake Mormon Tabernacle was built. |
1864 May 5 |
Congress ratifies an executive order which set aside the Uintah
Valley Reservation as proposed (1861). |
| |
|
1864 |
Mormons ask for
the removal of the Utes to the Sanpete and Uintah Valley. |
| |
|
1864 |
At Sand Creek on November 29,
1864,
John Chivington led the
Colorado Volunteers in a dawn attack on
Black Kettle
and his band, who had been told they would be safe on
this desolate reservation. Two hundred Cheyenne men,
women and children were slaughtered, and their corpses
often grotesquely mutilated.
Native's report.
(3-D:Map
of the Sand Creek Massacre) |
| |
|
1865 |
Treaty between U.S. and the Ute
Tribes in Utah in June 8, 1865
Treaty between U.S. and the "Weber
Ute Indians in October, 1865 |
|
1865 |
Ute Black Hawk War last major Indian
conflict in Utah. |
1865-1868 |
Black Hawk War.
Black Hawk 1
and
Black Hawk 2 |
| |
|
1866 |
Treaty between U.S. and the Uintah
and Yampa Utes in August 29, 1866
Circleville residents arrest and kill all the adult Utes at a
Ute camp near Circleville. |
| |
|
1867 |
Most of Uintah
Utes were removed to Uintah Valley. |
| |
|
1868, Mar 2 |
A
treaty was signed by the Uncompahgre. |
|
1868 |
Zions
Mercantile Cooperative Institution formed as first
United States department store
Map:
Utah Territory in 1868 |
1868 |
Whiterocks Agency was established on the Uintah Reservation.
Also a treaty established two other agencies, the Colorado Ute
People had one at Whiteriver, and another at Rio de Los Pinos
(ratified July 25, 1868). |
|
1869 |
Union Pacific and Central
Pacific railroads meet on May 10 at Promontory.
More links...
First non-Mormon church building in Utah (Church of the
Good Samaritan) in Corinne is constructed.
John Wesley Powell explores the Colorado River.
|
1868 |
Chief
Black Kettle and a
Southern Cheyenne peaceful village at Washita was
attacked by the 7th U.S. Cavalry, under
Lt. Col. George A. Custer,
just before dawn on November 27, 1868 during the era of
the Plains and Indian Wars.
Custer's Report,
Native's Report
(3:D
Map of the Washita) |
|
1870 |
Utah
Territory enfranchises women |
1870 |
Chief Black Hawk died. |
|
1871 |
Dedication of First Catholic Church in
Utah (St. Mary Madeleine).
John Wesley Powell names a butte, valley, and Green River
crossing for Gunnison when he passes through the region. |
1871-1875 |
The Photographs of
John Hillers, who
accompanied Powell during 1871-75 are important primary sources
of the area at that time |
|
1872 |
Kanab
serves as John Wesley Powell's field headquarters during
his second expedition, which yielded several important
maps and photographs of the Colorado Plateau |
1872 |
The Secretary of the Interior convinces Congress to draw up a
new treaty that had no discussion with Indians before hand.
The Indians defeated it. |
|
1873 |
Poland Act passed in Congress making it
legal to prosecute Mormon for practicing polygamy. |
1873 |
The Brunot Agreement deprives the Ute people of San Juan
Mountain land and gold deposits (ratified April 29, 1894). |
| |
|
1873 |
U.S. government officials appoint
Ouray as Head Chief of the Utes. |
|
1875 |
Holy Cross Sisters open Holy Cross
Hospital their first hospital in the U. S. |
1876 |
On June 25, 1876, federal troops
led by Lt. Col.
George Armstrong Custer
and a band of
Sioux and
Cheyenne Indians
confronted in a battle known as
Battle at the Little Bighorn River,
Montana. The U.S. government had ordered the northern
Plains tribes to return to designated reservations and
had sent troops under
Gen. Alfred H. Terry to
enforce the order. Terry hoped to surround an Indian
encampment at the mouth of the Little Bighorn, but a
party of some 200 soldiers led by Custer launched an
early attack and was slaughtered. Government troops
subsequently flooded into the area and forced the
Indians to surrender. (3-D
Map,
The Battle of Little Big Horn) |
| |
|
1877 |
The 1877
flight of the Nez Perce
from their homelands while pursued by U.S. Army
Generals Howard,
Sturgis and
Miles, is one of the
most fascinating and amazing events in Western U.S.
History. Finally,
Chief Joseph's camp was
captured in the Battle of Bear Paw, a few miles South of
Canada.
Chief Joseph's Speeches.
(3-D Maps:
Nez Perce's Trail,
The Battle of Bear Paw)
|
| |
|
1878 |
Meeker became agent at Whiteriver agency. |
|
1879 |
A group of
Mormon pioneers began the now-famous
Hole-in-the Rock
Expedition through the San Juan region of southeastern
Utah, which was one of the most isolated regions of the
United States |
1879 |
Agent Nathan Meeker is killed by Yamparika Utes.
Carlisle Indian School: The first off-reservation
military-type boarding school for Indians was
established in Pennsylvania by Richard Henry Pratt. |
|
1879 |
First telephone service established in
Ogden. |
1879 |
As
a result of the Meeker incident, officials force the Colorado
Utes to sign an agreement which removes the Yamparika and
Taviwach Utes to Utah (ratified June 15, 1880). |
| |
|
1880, Mar 6 |
Treaty signed by the Indians. |
| |
|
1880, June 15 |
Treaty signed by
congress for Indian removal from Colorado. |
| |
|
1880, Aug 24 |
Death of Ouray. |
| |
|
1880-1891 |
Ghost Dance Movement |
| |
|
1881 |
Yamparika Utes are moved to the Uintah Reservation in Utah. |
|
1882 |
Edmunds Act passed by Congress making it
unlawful to cohabitate.
Mormon
women opened the
Deseret Hospital, which was almost
entirely managed and staffed by female directors and
doctors. Additionally, LDS Relief Society women became
involved in a number of enterprises designed to help
care for the state's poor through donations of money,
food, and materials, and managed business operations
such as silk raising and grain storage |
1882 |
Act of January 5, 1882--Uncompahgre Reservation |
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1885 |
Miners found Gilsonite--significance--only deposit in U.S. |
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1886 |
Uintah and Ouray agencies consolidate. |
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1887 |
President Cleveland establishes the
Fort Duchesne Military
reservation near the Agency. (More
Links) |
|
1887 |
The
Edmunds-Tucker Act is passed by
Congress. |
1887 |
Congress passes
the
Dawes Act, or the Allotment Act.
Allotment Act or Dawes Act, February 8, 1887
(pdf.)
(More
Links) |
|
1887 |
Congress
denies women in Utah right to vote |
1887 |
Act provides for surveys and allotments on the reservations. |
|
1890 |
LDS Church
President Wilford Woodruff
issues the
Manifesto ending church-sanctioned polygamy.
Half of
Salt Lake City's 45,000 residents are non-Mormons as the
flood of twenty million immigrants coming to the United
States--in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries--find its way to Utah |
1890 |
Ouray
Boarding School opens at Randlett, then called Leland.
(Boarding
School Pictures) |
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1891 |
B'Nai Israel Temple dedicated in Salt
Lake City. |
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1896 |
Constitution of the State of Utah
(May 8, 1895)
Utah becomes the 45th
state
on January 4.
Heber M. Wells is inaugurated as the first governor.
With
statehood, Utah women regain the right to vote |
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1897 |
Martha Hughes Cannon
is elected the first woman State Senator in United
States |
1897 |
A
small group of Uncompahgre, Uintah, and Whiteriver (Yamparika)
Utes received Allotments. |
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1897 |
Posse attacks Utes camped on the Snake River in Colorado |
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1898 |
Uintah and Whiteriver Utes sell land to the Uncompahgre Utes. |
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1898 |
Allotments made on
the Uintah Reservation as Mormon settlers rush into area.
(More
Links) |
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1902 |
Congressional hearings on Uintah reservation allotments. |
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1905 |
President
Theodore Roosevelt withdrew 1,100,000 acres from the Utes to create the Uinta National Forest Reserve.
(Opening
of Uintah reservation, 1905 Map)
Opening of the Uintah Reservation to Homestead Claims 1
Opening of the Uintah Reservation to Homestead Claims 2 |
|
1906 |
Open pit copper mining starts in Bingham
Canyon. |
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1909 |
Discovery of Rainbow Bridge. |
1909 |
By
right of "Eminent Domain" the
Strawberry Valley Reclamation
Project appropriate 56,000 acres of land. |
|
1911 |
Strawberry Reservoir is completed.
The Utah
State Legislature designated the sego lily as the state
flower |
|
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1914 |
Auto racing begins on the
Bonneville
Salts Flats near the Great Salt Lake. |
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1915 |
State Capitol is completed.
Joe Hill
executed, Utah's first exercise in capital punishment
Dinosaur National Monument founded
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1919 |
Zion National Park is
created.
First Salt Lake Chapter of the NAACP founded.
|
1918 |
Native
American Church - This Indian church was organized in
Oklahoma to combine an ancient Indian practice - the use
of peyote - with Christian beliefs of morality and
self-respect. The Church prohibits alcohol, requires
monogamy and family responsibility, and promotes hard
work. By 1923, 14 states had outlawed the use of peyote
and in 1940, the Navajo tribal council banned it from
the reservation. In1944, the Native American Church of
the United States was incorporated. Today, the Church
continues to play an important role in the lives of many
Indian people |
|
1922 |
KSL, Salt
Lake City's first radio station commences broadcast |
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1924 |
Indian Citizenship
Act passed.
However, voting procedures are delegated to the
states, and well past 1924 some states misused this
power to continue to deny Native Americans the right to
vote. For example, as late as 1962, New Mexico still
overtly prohibited Native Americans from voting. |
|
1927 |
Philo T.
Farnsworth invents fully electronic television |
|
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1928 |
Bryce Canyon National Park is
established. |
1928 |
The Meriam Report
describe the challenging conditions on Indian Reservations and
reforms were enacted.
Indian Education Report |
|
1929 |
Stock
market crashes, sending the nation into the
Great
Depression, which hits Utah hard and initiates the
state's heavy reliance of federal aid
Arches recognized as a National Monument (becomes a
National Park in 1978) |
1930's |
During the
Great Depression the Ute
Business Committee bought land from bankrupted white farmers |
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1931 |
Ration system stopped. |
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|
1933-1934 |
Taylor Grazing Act:
Agency withdrew 429,000 acres from the Uncompahgre
Reservation and placed in the public domain.
Indian Reorganization Act 1934
(pdf.)
Indian Reorganization Act and Indian New Deal
(pdf.) |
|
1936 |
Reva Beck
Bosone becomes the first woman judge in Utah |
1937-1938 |
Utah Utes adopted
the
Wheeler-Howard Reorganization Act of 1934; wrote a
Constitution and By-laws; established a Tribal Business
Committee.
Ute Constitution
Ute Business Council By Laws |
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|
1939 |
Utes of Colorado
and Utah brought suits against the government payment on
4,404,000 acres of surface and subsurface land, including the
territory embraced within the Rangely Oil Field.
(Satellite
Map) |
|
1942 |
Topaz (Japanese-American Relocation Camp)
operates near Delta. It lasted from 1942-1945. |
|
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1943 |
Geneva steel plant begins operation in
Utah County. |
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1946 |
The
Indian Claim Commission
was established, it created a special system for the Indians to
sue the federal government |
|
1952 |
Six-mile Duchesne Tunnel is completed for
irrigation. |
|
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|
1954 |
Congress creates Colorado River Storage
Project. |
1957 |
Termination Policy
Senator Watkins on Termination
Policy, May 1957
Secretary of Interior Seaton on
Termination Policy, September 1958 |
|
1964 |
Flaming Gorge Dam on the
Green River is dedicated.
Arizona's
Glen Canyon Dam creates Lake Powell the
nation's second largest artificial lake. |
1957 |
"Utah
disenfranchised Indian voters by claiming that Indians
residing on reservations did not qualify as residents of
the state, despite the 1881 Supreme Court decision to
the contrary. This statute stood until 1957 when, under
threat of reversal by Supreme Court, the state
legislature abolished it." |
|
1965 |
Canyonlands National Park is opened.
Golden Spike National Historical Site recognized |
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|
1969 |
Report:
Indian Education: A National Tragedy - A
National Challenge (Kennedy
Report) |
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|
1969 |
"Indians
of All Tribes"
occupation of Alcatraz - A group of young
Indians seized the abandoned Alcatraz Island in the San
Francisco harbor. They issued a "Proclamation to the
Great White Father" in which they stated their claim
that Alcatraz was suitable as an Indian Reservation and
thus, should be converted into an Indian educational and
cultural center. The
Indians of All Tribes continued to
occupy
Alcatraz (pictures) until June, 1971.
More links:
Alcatraz by Sthepanie Rosa (Paper) |
|
1971 |
Capitol
Reef National Monument gains National Park status |
1970 |
Nixon's
"Special Message on Indian Affairs" - President Nixon
delivered a speech to Congress which denounced past
federal policies, formally ended the termination policy,
and called for a new era of
self-determination for
Indian peoples.
More links:
Self-Determination Act Report 1999
Self-Determination Policy,
President Johnson 1968
Self-Determination Policy,
President Nixon, 1970 |
| |
|
1972 |
Trail of
Broken Treaties - "Over 500 Indian activists traveled
across the United States to Washington, DC where they
planned to meet with BIA officials and to deliver a
20-point proposal for revamping the BIA and establishing
a government commission to review treaty violations.
When guards at the BIA informed the tribal members that
Bureau officials would not meet with them and threatened
forcible removal from the premises, the activists began
a week-long siege of the BIA building. The BIA finally
agreed to review the 20 demands and to provide funds to
transport the activists back to their home."1
Indian Education Act - This Congressional Act
established funding for special bilingual and bicultural
programs, culturally relevant teaching materials, and
appropriate training and hiring of counselors. It also
created an
Office of Indian Education in the U.S.
Department of Education |
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|
1973 |
Wounded
Knee Occupation - "At the Pine Ridge Reservation of the Oglala Sioux in South Dakota, trouble had been brewing
between the Indian activists that supported AIM, and
tribal leaders who had the support of the BIA. After a
violent confrontation in 1972, tribal chair Richard
Wilson condemned AIM and banned it from the reservation.
In February 1973, AIM leaders led by Russell Means and
about 200 activists who were supported by some Oglala
traditional leaders took over the village of Wounded
Knee, announced the creation of the Oglala Sioux Nation,
declared themselves independent from the United States,
and defined their national boundaries as those
determined by the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. The siege
lasted 71 days, during which time federal marshals, FBI
agents, and armored vehicles surrounded the village. AIM
members finally agreed to end their occupation under one
condition - that the government convene a full
investigation into their demands and grievances."1 |
|
1977 |
Utah
firing squad makes Gary Gilmore first person executed in
the United States for almost ten years. |
1975 |
Indian
Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act -
"This
Congressional Act recognized the obligation of the U.S.
to provide for maximum participation by American Indians
in Federal services to and programs in Indian
communities. It also established a goal to provide
education and services to permit Indian children to
achieve, and declared a commitment to maintain the
Federal government's continuing trust relationship, and
responsibility to, individual Indians and tribes."1 |
|
1979 |
New
Orleans Jazz move to Salt Lake City and become the Utah
Jazz |
1978 |
American
Indian Religious Freedom Act - "This Congressional Act
promised to "protect and preserve for American Indians
their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and
exercise" traditional religions, "including but not
limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred
objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonial
and traditional rites." Although the enactment seemed to
recognize the importance of traditional Indian religious
practices, it contained no enforcement provisions."1
Santa Clara v. Martinez Supreme Court Decision
US v. Wheeler Supreme Court Decision
|
|
1981 |
In
H.L.
vs. Matheson, the U.S. Supreme Court approves a Utah
parental notification law in regard to abortion. The law
requires an abortionist to notify the parents of a minor
girl who is still living at home as her parent's
dependent when an abortion is scheduled |
1980 |
United
States v. Sioux Nation of Indians - U.S. Supreme
Court ruled that the Sioux Indians were entitled to an
award of $17.5 million, plus 5% interest per year since
1877, totaling about $106 million in compensation for
the unjust taking of the Black Hills and in direct
contravention of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Sioux
have refused to take the money and sits in a trust fund
in Washington, collecting interest |
|
1982 |
Barney
Clark receives the first permanent
artificial heart at
the University of Utah and it functions for 112 days
Jon M. Huntsman forms
Huntsman Chemical Corporation in
Salt Lake City |
|
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|
1984 |
Record
snowfall causes spring flooding and State Street becomes
a river for weeks while the Great Salt Lake overflows
its shores, destroying crops and covering roads and
highways |
|
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|
1985 |
Jake Garn, is first U.S. Senator to fly
in space. |
|
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|
1990 |
The
population of Salt Lake City is 159,936 |
1990 |
Native
American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act - This
Congressional Act required all institutions that receive
federal funds to inventory their collections of Indian
human remains and artifacts, make their lists available
to Indian tribes, and return any items requested by the
tribes |
|
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1990 |
Native American Language Act:
The congress passed a policy to "preserve, protect, and
promote the rights and freedom of Native Americans to
use, practice and develop Native American languages."
|
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|
1993 |
Hagen v. Utah (92-6281), 510 U.S. 399
(1994).
Support link:
Indian Country Legal Definition
|
|
1995 |
Salt Lake City is announced as the site
for the
2002 Winter Olympics. |
|
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|
1996 |
Overcrowded highways
along the Wasatch Front force the governor and
Legislature to address raising taxes to pay for
rebuilding of I-15 in northern Utah in time for the 2002
Winter Olympics.
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument is created
by President Clinton.
Utah celebrates its 100's birthday of Statehood. The
year is filled with parades, balls, county histories and
other activities to celebrate Utah´s entrance into the
Union. |
1996 |
National
American Indian Heritage Month - President Clinton
declared November of each year to be National American
Indian Heritage Month |
|
1997 |
Utah celebrates its
Sesequentennial anniversary (150 year) since the
Mormon
pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley. This event
included a variety of local activities plus the
reenactment of the pioneer wagon trail from
Winter
Quarters to the Salt Lake Valley.
The $1.325 billion bid is awarded to Wasatch
Constructions to reconstruct 17 miles of I-15, the main
corridor around Salt Lake City. |
|
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|
1998 |
Sen.
Bob Bennett, R-Utah is named
chairmen of the new Senate Select Committee on the Year
2000 Technology Problem. |
|
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|
1999 |
On
August 11 a tornado ripped through
downtown Salt Lake City doing over $100 million of
dollars in damage. |
1999 |
Shannon
County, South Dakota, home of the Oglala Lakota on Pine
Ridge Reservation is identified as the poorest place in
the country
Self-Determination Act Report 1999 |
|
2002 |
In
February the
Winter Olympics took place in Utah venues |
2002 |
Uintah and Ouray
Indian Reservation Maps |
|
2007 |
Utah Governor,
Jon Huntsman,
Jr.
Utah State Senate
Utah State House of
Representatives
Utah State Supreme Court
Utah State Symbols
Utah Cities and Count Counties
Governments
Utah
Maps
Utah Geography |
2007 |
Ute Tribe Government Body
Ute
History
Uintah and Ouray
Indian Reservation Maps |
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After
visiting this
Timeline webpage,
would you please, take 10 minutes of your time and help us to know how we can better serve
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YOU!
Main Sources:
Main Sources:
Nies, J.,
Native American History, Ballantine Books; 1st edition
(December 3, 1996)
Uintah and Ouray Ute Indian Reservation,
The Tribe Public
Relations Information Handout, February 13, 2002, pp.4.
Conetah, F.A., 1982, A History of the Northern Ute
People, University of Utah Printing Services, SLC, Utah
Utah History to Go - Online Resource,
www.historytogo.utah.gov
Olsen, R.G., Humbolt State University professor of
history
(1) Legends of America:
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/NA-NativeAmericans.html,
retrieved on February 27, 2007
Jefferson J., Delaney R., Thompson G., 1972, The
Southern Utes, A Tribal History, University of Utah
Printing Services, SLC, UT
The American Indian Vote:
http://democrats.senate.gov/dpc/dpc-new.cfm?doc_name=sr-108-2-283#foot6,
retrieved on March 21, 2007
University of Texas Perry-Castaneda Library Map
Collection
Disclaimer:
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